Memcached Principles and Detailed Usage
Memcached原理和使用详解 Memcached是一款由LiveJournal的开发团队设计的高性能分布式内存缓存系统。它的主要目标是减少数据库的访问次数,通过在内存中缓存数据查询结果来提升动态Web应用的速度和可扩展性。由于其高效、简单和易用的特性,Memcached被众多国内外知名网站广泛采用。
1. Memcached的特点- 基于C/S架构:Memcached采用客户端-服务器模式,客户端与服务器之间通过简单的文本协议进行通信,这使得它易于实现和使用。- 事件驱动:利用libevent库进行事件处理,支持多种事件模型如poll、select、epoll、kqueue等,能够在高并发环境下保持高效的响应速度。- 内存存储:所有数据都存储在内存中,不涉及磁盘操作,从而实现了快速的读写性能。- 分布式:基于客户端的分布式机制,数据自动分散到多个Memcached服务器,实现负载均衡。
2. Memcached的工作原理- 键值对存储:Memcached以键值对的形式存储数据,客户端通过键定位数据,如果数据不存在,才会去数据库查找并将其缓存。- 过期策略:每个缓存的数据都有一个可选的生存时间(TTL),超过这个时间后,数据将自动删除。- LRU(Least Recently Used):内存不足时,会根据最近最少使用的策略淘汰数据。
3. Memcached的安装与使用- 安装:通常通过编译源码或使用包管理器在不同的操作系统上安装Memcached。- 配置:配置服务器的端口、最大内存限制、监听地址等参数。- 启动与停止:启动服务后,客户端即可连接并使用Memcached。- 客户端库:存在多种语言的客户端库,如Python、PHP、Java、Ruby等,方便在不同语言的应用中集成。
4.相关项目 除了Memcached,还有一些类似的服务,如:- Tokyo Cabinet:由日本mixi公司开发,提供了键值对存储功能,但通常用于本地缓存。- MemcacheDB:新浪开源团队开发的一个基于Berkeley DB的内存数据库,支持持久化。- tmcache:作者heiyeluren开发
Memcached
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Key Concepts in Microcomputer Principles
1. Bus Contention and Load
Bus Contention: Occurs when multiple devices attempt to send signals on the same bus at the same time.
For TTL Logic Circuits: Simultaneous output by two or more devices may create an unstable state on the bus, potentially damaging hardware.
For Open Collector (OC) Output: Uses wired logic to avoid damage; however, information from one device may be lost due to overlap.
Solution: Utilize tri-state gates and control their logical states to avoid conflicts. When one gate is in a high-impedance state (Z), contention is prevented.
Bus Load:
DC Load: The CPU must supply sufficient current for each chip on the bus.
Output Current (IOL and IOH): Defines the maximum current when a gate outputs high (IOH) or low (IOL).
Input Current (IIL and IIH): The current absorbed when a gate inputs high (IIH) or low (IIL).
Calculation: Ensure that the driver gate’s output current (IOH and IOL) exceeds the total input current of all load gates.
Fan-out: Indicates the number of identical load gates a single driver gate can support.
2. Comparison of Different Logic Series
TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) vs. CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)
TTL Series: Includes series like 74, 74LS, 74ALS; uses bipolar transistor technology.
CMOS Series: Series like 74HC, 74HCT; manufactured with CMOS technology.
Parameter Comparison:
Input Current (IIH/IIL): TTL generally has higher input current than CMOS.
Output Current (IOH/IOL): TTL offers higher current but also higher power consumption.
Voltage Threshold (VIH/VIL, VOH/VOL): CMOS supports a broader voltage range.
Supply Voltage (Vcc): CMOS can operate over a wider voltage range.
Propagation Delay (tpd): High-speed TTL like 74ALS and some CMOS (like 74HC) offer fast transmission.
Fan-out (NO): CMOS usually has higher fan-out, supporting more loads.
Power Consumption (Pd): CMOS is generally more power-efficient.
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